

At least in Germany: company cars.
If you get a company car for personal use, you have to pay a bit more taxes, but it’s much cheaper than buying new. The result is that 70% of all new car sales are company cars, and most of them are relatively expensive.
Company cars are resold after a few years. Car rental companies for example resell often after a year. Since companies buy in bulk, they get rebates and can resell almost new cars for relatively cheap.
That means, a list price is 45k realistically means something like 30k for you and me. Still expensive, but manageable.